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Distansyasyon sosyal

Distans sosyal (nan lang angle : social distancing) refere a sèten mezi ki pa famasetik pou kontwòl enfeksyon pran pa moun ki responsab pou sante piblik yo sispann oswa ralanti pwopagasyon yon maladi trè kontajye ak ki vize a kenbe moun lwen youn ak lòt. Objektif distansyasyon sosyal la se pou diminye chans pou kontak ant moun ki gen enfeksyon ak lòt moun ki pa enfekte, konsa diminye transmisyon maladi, mòbidite ak mòtalite.[1] Li kontribye nan rediksyon risk sanitè .

Lazarèt Anacona se yon batiman 18tyèm syèk bati sou yon zile atifisyèl sèvi kòm estasyon karantèn ak kay lepre nan pò Anacona (Itali).
Afich nan Biwo Swis Sante Piblik ki rekòmande "kenbe distans ou" pandan pandemi kowonaviris an 2019-2020 .

Distansyasyon sosyal la pi efikas lè enfeksyon an ka transmèt nan kontak goutlèt (touse oswa etènye); pa kontak dirèk fizik, ki gen ladan kontak seksyèl; pa kontak fizik endirèk (pa egzanp lè ou manyen yon sifas ki kontamine); oswa pa transmisyon lè (si mikwo-òganis la ka siviv nan lè a pou peryòd tan).[2]

Distansyasyon sosyal la mwens efikas si enfeksyon an transmèt sitou nan dlo oswa manje ki kontamine oswa pa vektè tankou moustik oswa lòt ensèk, ak mwens souvan ant moun.[3]

Enkonvenyan yo nan distansyasyon sosyal ka gen ladan solitid, diminisyon pwodiktivite (pasyèlman konpanse nan teletravay ak telekonferans[4] ) ak pèt la nan lòt avantaj ki gen rapò ak entèraksyon imèn. Nan kote ki gen aksè limite nan teknoloji, distansyasyon kapab tou fè li pi difisil pou kontwole sante yon popilasyon.

Istwa

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Antikite ak Mwayennaj

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Youn nan premyè referans a distansyasyon sosyal dat nan 7yèm syèk BC nan Liv Levitik, 13:46.  : "Men lepre ki jwenn pès la ... li pral viv pou kont li; [deyò] kan la pral lakay li." [5] .

Istorikman, yo te etabli lepwozri ak lazarèt kòm yon mwayen pou anpeche pwopagasyon maladi lèp a ak lòt maladi kontajye pa distansyasyon sosyal,[6] jouk transmisyon se konprann ak tretman efikas yo envante.

Medsin modèn

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Nan mwa oktòb 1918, pandan pandemi grip panyòl la, Max C. Starkloff, doktè ki an chaj sante nan vil Saint-Louis nan Missouri (Etazini), etabli yon distansyasyon sosyal pa entèdiksyon rasanbleman plis pase 20 moun. Starkloff pran desizyon pèmèt limite efè pandemi nan vil la. Desizyon sa yo konsidere kòm premye aplikasyon yon distansyasyon sosyal nan tan modèn. [7],[8]

Pandan pandemi grip A (H1N1) an 2009, òganizasyon Mondyal Sante rekòmande mezi distansyasyon sosyal ak ijyèn pèsonèl.[9]

Pandemi kowonaviris an 2019-2020

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Pandan pandemi kowonaviris an 2019-2020, òganizasyon Mondyal Lasante ak lòt otorite rekòmande mezi distansyasyon sosyal (kenbe lwen lòt moun) ak ijyèn pèsonèl (sitou ijyèn men.[10],[11]

Nan Lachin, anpil vil nan pwovens Hubei te mete an karantèn depi mwa janvye 2020. Nan peyi Itali, peyi tout antye te mete nan konfinman sou 9 mas 2020. Espay epi Lafrans fè menm bagay la nan jou ki swiv. Diferan peyi te pran lòt mezi pou limite kontak sosyal, enkli entèdi evènman yo, fèmen lekòl yo ak restriksyon sou vwayaj.

Egzanp distansyasyon sosyal

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Uit (8) fason altènatif yo voye bonjou san kontak [12]  : * ajite men * mete men sou kè * Namasté * leve pous * leve sousi * souke tèt (de (2) vèsyon) * leve zepòl

kèk egzanp distansyasyon sosyal ki itilize pou kontwole pwopagasyon maladi kontajye.[13], [14]  :

  • fèmen lekòl (pwo-aktif oswa reyaktif)[15] ;
  • fèmen lye travay,[16] ki gen ladan fèmen biznis ak sèvis sosyal ki pa esansyèl (ki pa esansyèl vle di enstalasyon ki pa kenbe fonksyon prensipal nan kominote a, kòm opoze a sèvis esansyèl [17] );
  • izòlman ;
  • karantèn ;
  • kòdon sanitè ;
  • sekès pwotektè ;
  • anilasyon rasanbleman mas tankou evènman espòtif, fim ak espektak mizik [18] ;
  • kanpe oswa limite transpò piblik, gade distans nan transpò piblik [19] ;
  • fèmti enstalasyon lwazi tankou pisin kominotè, klib jenn moun ak jimnaz (sal espò) [20] ;
  • mezi oto-pwoteksyon tankou limite kontak fas-a-fas, fè biznis pa telefòn oswa sou entènèt, evite kote piblik yo epi diminye vwayaj ki pa esansyèl [21] , [22] ;
  • bonjou avèk koud la (olye sere men oswa bo).[23]

Efikasite

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Rechèch endike ke mezi yo dwe aplike kòmsadwa epi imedyatman pou yo efikas.[24] Pandan grip panyòl an 1918, otorite amerikèn yo te fèmen lekòl yo, entèdi rasanbleman piblik yo, ak lòt entèvansyon distansyasyon sosyal nan Philadelphia ak Saint Louis (Missouri), men nan Filadèlfi, reta senk (5) jou nan lansman an mezi sa yo double pousantaj transmisyon twa (3) a senk (5) fwa. Men Max C. Starkloff fè yon ap entèvansyon siyifikativman pi imedya ki diminye transmisyon nan Saint Louis[25] (mwatye mwens ka pou kantite abitan[8], [26]). Anplis de sa, karantèn nan Saint-Louis te pèmèt diminye koub epidemik, etale enfeksyon yo nan tan ak donk etale swen malad yo [27] .

Bootsma ak Ferguson analize entèvansyon distansyasyon sosyal nan 16 lavil amerikèn pandan epidemi an 1918 epi yo te konstate ke entèvansyon, ki limite nan tan, sèlman avèk moderasyon redwi mòtalite total (petèt 10-30%), e ke enpak la te souvan trè limite paske entèvansyon yo te prezante twò ta epi yo te fini twò bonè. Yo obsève ke plizyè vil gen eksperyans yon dezyèm pik epidemik apre leve kontwòl distansyasyon sosyal, paske moun sansib yo ki te pwoteje yo te ekspoze kounye a[28]

Fèmti lekòl la

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Fèmen lekòl te diminye mòbidite akòz grip azyatik nan 90% pandan epidemi an 1957-1958,[29] ak jiska 50% nan batay kont grip nan Etazini yo ant 2004 ak 2008.[30] Menm jan an, fèmen lekòl obligatwa ak lòt mezi distansyasyon sosyal te asosye ak yon diminisyon 29-37% nan to transmisyon grip pandan epidemi grip an 2009 nan Meksik.[31]

Fèmti lye travay yo

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Etid modelizasyon ak similasyon ki baze sou done amerikèn sijere ke si 10% nan lye travay afekte yo fèmen, to global nan transmisyon enfeksyon se alantou 11.9% ak pik epidemik gen yon ti kras reta. Nan lòt men an, si 33% nan lye travay ki afekte fèmen, to enfeksyon an tonbe a 4.9% ak pik epidemik reta nan yon semèn.[32]

Karantèn kontak ak ka sispèk

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Pandan epidemi SRAS an 2003 nan Sengapou, kèk 8 000 moun te sibi karantèn kay obligatwa ak 4 300 lòt moun te gen pou kontwole tèt yo pou detekte sentòm epi kontakte otorite yo sanitè chak jou pa telefòn nan kontwole epidemi an. Byen ke sèlman 58 nan moun sa yo te finalman dyagnostike avèk SRAS, ofisyèl sante piblik te deklare mezi a te ede anpeche pwopagasyon enfeksyon an.[33]

Menm jan, oto-izòlman volontè te ede diminye pwopagasyon grip la nan Teksas an 2009.[34]

Kòdon sanitè

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An 1995, yo te itilize yon kòdon sanitè pou kontwole yon epidemi viris Ebola nan Kikwit, Zayi[35], [36], [37] Prezidan Mobutu Sese Seko te antoure vil la ak twoup yo epi li te sispann tout vòl nan kominote a. Anndan Kikwit, OMS ak ekip medikal nan Zayi te bati lòt kòdon sanitè, ki izole zòn antèman ak tretman nan popilasyon jeneral la ak ki limite enfeksyon an.

Pandan epidemi SRAS an 2003 nan Kanada, karantèn kominotè te itilize pou diminye transmisyon maladi a ak siksè modere.[38]

Anprizònman pwotektè

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Pandan epidemi grip an 1918, vil Gunnison, Kolorado, te izole pandan de (2) mwa pou anpeche entwodiksyon enfeksyon an. Tout gran wout yo te barikade touprè fwontyè konte an. Chèf tren yo te avèti tout pasaje yo ke si yo te kite tren an nan Gunnison, yo ta arete ak mete an karantèn pou senk (5) jou. Kòm yon rezilta nan mezi sa a, pa gen moun ki te mouri nan grip nan Gunnison pandan epidemi an [39] . Plizyè lòt kominote te adopte mezi menm jan.[40]

Anilasyon rasanbleman mas

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Prèv ki sijere ke rasanbleman mas ogmante potansyèlman transmisyon maladi enfektye pa definitif.[41]

Kèk prèv anekdotik sijere ke sèten tip rasanbleman mas kapab asosye ak yon risk ogmante nan transmisyon grip ak ka tou simen nouvo souch nan yon rejyon, ki deklannche transmisyon kominotè nan pandemi. Pandan pandemi grip an 1918, parad militè nan Philadelphia [42] ak Boston [43] ka te responsab pou pwopagasyon maladi a ki melanje maren ki enfekte ak foul moun sivil.

Sepandan, restriksyon nan rasanbleman mas, konbine avèk lòt entèvansyon distansyasyon sosyal, sanble ede pou diminye transmisyon.[44]

Restriksyon vwayaj

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Limitasyon nan fwontyè ak / oswa restriksyon sou vwayaj domestik yo retade yon epidemi nan plis pase 2 a 3 semèn si yo pa aplike ak pwoteksyon ki pi konsekan pase 99%.[45]

Depistaj nan ayewopò pa te efikas nan anpeche transmisyon viris la pandan epidemi SRAS an 2003 nan Kanada [46] ak Etazini.

Kontwòl strik sou fwontyè ant Otrich ak Anpi Otoman, enpoze de 1770 a 1871 pou anpeche moun ki enfekte avèk lapès bibonik nan antre nan Otrich, te pwouve efikas, kòm pa te gen gwo epidemi pès sou teritwa otrichyen apre kreyasyon yo, pandan Anpi otoman te kontinye fè eksperyans epidemi pès souvan jouk nan mitan-diznevyèm syèk la.

Yon etid Inivèsite Northeastern pibliye nan mwa mas 2020 te di ke "restriksyon vwayaj pou ale ak pou soti nan Lachin sèlman ralanti gaye entènasyonal COVID-19 [lè] konbine avèk efò ki diminye transmisyon nan nivo kominote ak endividyèl. . . Restriksyon sou vwayaj yo pa ase sof si nou asosye yo ak distansyasyon sosyal ”. [47] Etid te endike ke entèdiksyon vwayaj nan Wuhan sèlman retade gaye nan maladi a nan lòt pati nan Lachin kontinantal de twa (3) a senk (5) jou, byenke li te diminye pwopagasyon ka entènasyonal 80%. Youn nan rezon prensipal poukisa restriksyon vwayaj te mwens efikas se ke anpil moun ki gen COVID-19 pa fè gen sentòm pandan premye etap byen enfeksyon.[48]

Gade tou

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Referans

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  1. ↑ Johnson, Carolyn Y.; Sun, Lena; Freedman, Andrew (2020-03-10). « Social distancing could buy U.S. valuable time against coronavirus ». Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-03-11. 
  2. ↑ « "Information about Social Distancing," Santa Clara Public Health Department. » (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-27. Retrieved 2020-03-22. 
  3. ↑ "Interim Pre-Pandemic Planning Guidance: Community Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Mitigation in the United States—Early, Targeted, Layered Use of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions," CDC, Feb 2007
  4. ↑ (franse) fr Guy-Philippe Goldsteine; Alon Rozen (10 mas 2020). « Coronavirus : « L’institution ou l’entreprise ne peut se permettre de devenir un nouveau foyer de contagion » ». Le Monde. Retrieved 13 mas 2020. 
  5. ↑ Bible Gateway, Authorized King James Version, Leviticus 13:46
  6. ↑ Charles Léon Souvay, "Leprosy," Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), Volume 9
  7. ↑ Editors, bioMerieux Connection (25 oktòb 2018). « How Public Health Policies Saved Citizens in St. Louis During the 1918 Flu Pandemic ». bioMérieux Connection. Retrieved 19 mas 2020. 
  8. ↑ 8,0 et 8,1 (angle) en « St. Louis, Missouri and the 1918-1919 Influenza Epidemic ». The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918: A Digital Encyclopedia. 13 fevriye 2019. Retrieved 15 mas 2020. 
  9. ↑ (angle) en « Grippe A(H1N1) dans la Région européenne de l’OMS ». euro.who.int. Organisation mondiale de la santé. 15 me 2009. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22. Retrieved 13 mas 2020. 
  10. ↑ « L’OMS/Europe organise une séance d’information sur le coronavirus pour les ambassadeurs ». Organisation mondiale de la santé. 5 mas 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22. Retrieved 13 mas 2020. 
  11. ↑ Marie Maurisse (10 février 2020). « Trois scénarios de sortie d’épidémie ». Le temps. Retrieved 13 mars 2020.  Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help).
  12. ↑ Wiles, Siouxsie (16 mas 2020). « The world is on fire: My message to New Zealanders on Covid-19 ». The Spinoff. Retrieved 16 mas 2020. 
  13. ↑ Kathy Kinlaw, Robert Levine, "Ethical Guidelines on Pandemic Influenza," CDC, December 2006
  14. ↑ Pueyo, Tomas (12 mas 2020). « Coronavirus: Why You Must Act Now ». Medium. Retrieved 2020-03-12. 
  15. ↑ « Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic ». The Lancet Infectious Diseases 9 (8): 473–481. 2009. PMID 19628172. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70176-8. 
  16. ↑ « The Impact of Workplace Policies and Other Social Factors on Self-Reported Influenza-Like Illness Incidence During the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic ». American Journal of Public Health 102 (1): 134–140. 2012. PMC 3490553. PMID 22095353. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300307. 
  17. ↑ « "Social Distancing Support Guidelines," Colorado Dept. of Public Health and Environment, mas 2008 » (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-13. Retrieved 2020-03-22. 
  18. ↑ R. Booy and J. Ward, "Evidence compendium and advice on social distancing and other related measures for response to an influenza pandemic," National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance.
  19. ↑ Rémi Barroux (17 mas 2020). « « Les mesures de distanciation sociale ne sont pas bien comprises par les Français » ». lemonde.fr. 
  20. ↑ "Flu Pandemic Mitigation - Social Distancing"
  21. ↑ Glass, Robert J.; Glass, Laura M.; Beyeler, Walter E.; Min, H. Jason (novanm 2006). « Targeted Social Distancing Designs for Pandemic Influenza - Volume 12, Number 11—November 2006 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC ». Emerg Infect Dis. doi:10.3201/eid1211.060255. Retrieved 19 mas 2020. 
  22. ↑ « "Social Distancing Guidelines (for workplace communicable disease outbreaks)" ». Archived from the original on 2017-04-23. Retrieved 2020-03-22. 
  23. ↑ « Guidance on Preparing Workplaces for an Influenza Pandemic ». osha.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-03-25. Retrieved 19 mas 2020. 
  24. ↑ « Controlling epidemic spread by social distancing: Do it well or not at all ». BMC Public Health 12 (1): 679. 2012. PMC 3563464. PMID 22905965. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-679. 
  25. ↑ « Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic ». Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 (18): 7582-7587. 2007. PMC 1849867. PMID 17416679. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610941104. Archived from the original on 2008-03-09. Retrieved 2020-03-22. 
  26. ↑ Mounk, Yascha (2020-03-10). « Cancel Everything ». The Atlantic. Retrieved 2020-03-15. 
  27. ↑ McKinsey, David S.; McKinsey, Joel P.; Enriquez, Maithe (jiyè 2018). « The 1918 Influenza in Missouri: Centennial Remembrance of the Crisis ». Missouri Medicine 115 (4): 319–324. ISSN 0026-6620. OCLC 7850378090. PMID 30228752 Check |pmid= value (help). Retrieved 14 mas 2020. 
  28. ↑ « The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities ». Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 (18): 7588–7593. 2007. PMC 1849868. PMID 17416677. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611071104. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22. Retrieved 2020-03-22. 
  29. ↑ « Morbidity and mortality characteristics of Asian strain influenza ». Public Health Rep. 75 (2): 148–58. 1960. JSTOR 4590751. PMC 1929395. PMID 19316351. doi:10.2307/4590751. 
  30. ↑ « Effect of school closure on the incidence of influenza among school -age children in Arizona ». Public Health Reports 125 (6): 851–859. 2010. PMC 2966666. PMID 21121230. doi:10.1177/003335491012500612. 
  31. ↑ Flu Pandemic Study Supports Social Distancing," NIH Research Matters, 6 jen 2011.
  32. ↑ « Attending work while sick: implication of flexible sick leave policies ». Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 52 (10): 1009–1013. 2010. PMID 20881626. doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e3181f43844. 
  33. ↑ « Chorh-Chuan Tan, "SARS in Singapore – Key Lessons from an Epidemic," Annals Academy of Medicine, me 2006, Vol. 35 No.5. » (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-24. Retrieved 2020-03-22. 
  34. ↑ « Impact of swine influenza and quarantine measures on patients and households during the H1N1/09 pandemic ». Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 44 (4): 289–296. 2012. PMID 22106922. doi:10.3109/00365548.2011.631572. 
  35. ↑ Garrett, Laurie (2014-08-14). « Heartless but Effective: I've Seen 'Cordon Sanitaire' Work Against Ebola ». The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved 2020-03-19. 
  36. ↑ « Outbreak of Ebola Viral Hemorrhagic Fever -- Zaire, 1995 ». www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-19. 
  37. ↑ Rachel Kaplan Hoffmann and Keith Hoffmann, "Ethical Considerations in the Use of Cordons Sanitaires," Clinical Correlations, 19 fevriye 2015
  38. ↑ « Quantifying the impact of community quarantine on SARS transmission in Ontario: estimation of secondary case count difference and number needed to quarantine ». BMC Public Health 9 (1): 488. 2009. PMC 2808319. PMID 20034405. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-488. 
  39. ↑ Gunnison: Case Study, University of Michigan Medical School, Center for the History of Medicine
  40. ↑ H. Markel, A.M. Stern, J. A. Navarro, J. R. Michalsen, A. S. Monto, and C. DiGiovanni, "Nonpharmaceutical Influenza Mitigation Strategies, US Communities, 1918–1920 Pandemic," Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 12, No. 12 desanm 2006
  41. ↑ Thomas V. Inglersby et al, "Disease Mitigation Measures in the Control of Pandemic Influenza," Biosecurity and Bioterrorism Biodefense Strategy & Science, Volume 4, Number 4, 2006
  42. ↑ Kenneth C. Davis, "Philadelphia Threw a WWI Parade That Gave Thousands of Onlookers the Flu," Smithsonian.com, September 21, 2018
  43. ↑ "The Flu in Boston," American Experience, WGBH
  44. ↑ « Could influenza transmission be reduced by restricting mass gatherings? Towards an evidence-based policy framework ». Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health 1 (1): 33–60. 2011. PMID 23856374. doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2011.06.004. 
  45. ↑ « Strategies for mitigating an influenza pandemic ». Nature 442 (7101): 448–52. 2006. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..448F. PMID 16642006. doi:10.1038/nature04795. 
  46. ↑ « Public health interventions and SARS spread, 2003 ». Emerg Infect Dis 10 (11): 1900–1906. 2004. PMC 3329045. PMID 15550198. doi:10.3201/eid1011.040729. 
  47. ↑ Emily Arntsen, "Closing borders can delay, but can’t stop the spread of COVID-19, new report says," News@Northeastern, March 6, 2020.
  48. ↑ Matteo Chinazzi1, Jessica T. Davis1, Marco Ajelli, Corrado Gioannini, Maria Litvinova, Stefano Merler, Ana Pastore y Piontti1, Kunpeng Mu1, Luca Rossi, Kaiyuan Sun, Cécile Viboud, Xinyue Xiong, Hongjie Yu, M. Elizabeth Halloran, Ira M. Longini Jr. Alessandro Vespignani1, "The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak." Science 6 mas 2020

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